SPORT STUDIES & POPULAR CULTURE
Sports are both forms of mass culture in a number of different ways. First, millions of people take part as live audiences for sporting events around the world. Second, much of the programming on television and sites on the web deal with sport as do numerous documentary and fiction films. And third, digital games include a large number inspired by or based upon athletics.
Sport plays large role in the national culture of most states around the world, and athletics is an arena where issue of race, gender, class and national identity are embodied and negotiated.
The materials below examine sport and sport culture as a major form of mass mediated social activity, historically and in the present.
Featured Site
- Tucker Center for Research on Girls and Women in Sport. Major study center on gender, race and sexuality in athletics.
Research Journals & General Interest Sites
- Empowering Women in Sports. Part of a series on empowering women, by the Feminist Majority Foundation.
- Gender Equity in Sports. A research project at the University of Iowa, dealing primarily with Title IX (which bans sex discrimination in school academics and athletics), and its ongoing repercussions.
- International Journal of the History of Sport
- Journal of Sport History
- Journal of Sport and Social Issues
- Play the Game Site seeking to strengthen integrity and equity in sport.
- Sociology of Sport On-Line (SOSOL). An online journal publishing academic papers on a range of sport- and sociology-related topics.
- Sport in Society
- SportsJones. Interesting blog taking sports back from the loudmouthed, cynical, corporate sports media.
Sample Online Articles & Sites of Interest
- Baseball as National Innocence by Donald Dewey in Americana.
- The Decline of the Black Athlete. An extended interview with sociology professor and sports activist Dr. Harry Edwards.
- Fields of Broken Dreams. A look at the situation of Latino baseball players.
- Last Week Tonight. HBO's take at a weekly news recap has had several episodes focused around sports. Including The NCAA, two episodes on FIFA and the World Cup (Episode 1, and Episode 2), and the effect of stadiums on municipal politics.
- The Media and Stadium Politics: The Need for the Industry Context. Examines media coverage of the politics and economics of modern sports, focusing on the building of new stadiums.
- The Portrayal of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in Televised International Athletic Events. Presents the results of a study, some expected, and some unexpected.
- Sex Sells Sex, Not Women’s Sports. M.J. Kane The Nation (2011).
- World Games: The US Tries to Colonize Sport. Takes issue with the claim that sports are “America’s most successful export to the world.”
Selected Bibliography
Abdel-Shehid, Gamal, & Nathan Kalman-Lamb. Out of Left Field: Social Inequality and Sport. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing, 2011.
Abdel-Shehid, Gamal. Who Da Man?: Black Masculinities and Sporting Cultures. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2004.
Anderson, Eric. In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity. New York: State University of New York Press, 2005.
Anderson, Eric; Rory Magrath & Rachael Bullingham. Out in Sport: The Experiences of Openly Gay and Lesbian Athletes in Competitive Sport. London: Routledge, 2016.
Andrews, David L. & Steven J. Jackson. Sport Stars: The Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity. London & NY: Routledge, 2001.
Andrews, David L. Sport, Commerce, Culture: Essays on Sport in Late-capitalist America. NY: Peter Lang, 2006.
Andrews, David L. & Michael L. Silk. Sport and Neoliberalism: Politics, Consumption, and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012.
Bairner, Alan. Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001.
Barthes, Roland. What is Sport? New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2007.
Bass, Amy. Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
Bernhard, Laura M.. “Nowhere for me to go:” Black Female Student-Athlete Experiences on a Predominantly White Campus." Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 8.2 :(2016): 67-76.
Bernstein, Alina, and Neil Blain, eds. Sport, Media, Culture: Global and Local Dimensions. London: Frank Cass, 2003.
Bloom, John. To Show What an Indian Can Do: Sports at Native American Boarding Schools. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
Borish, Linda J. ed, The Routledge History of American Sport NY: Routledge, 2016.
Boyd, T. Young, Black, Rich and Famous: The Rise of the NBA, The Hip Hop Invasion and the Transformation of American Culture. NY: Double Day Publishing, 2003.
Boyle, Raymond, and Richard Haynes. Power Play: Sport, the Media and Popular Culture. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburg University Press, 2009.
Brake, Deborah L. Getting in the Game: Title IX and the Women’s Sports Revolution. NY: New York University Press, 2010.
Braun, Robert & Rens Vliegenthart. "The Contentious Fans: The Impact of Repression, Media Coverage, Grievances and Aggressive Play on Supporters Violence." International Sociology 23.6 (2008): 796–818.
Gems, Gerald et al., Sports in American History: From Colonization to Globalization. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Press, 2017.
Grundy, Pam and Benjamin Rader, American Sports: from the Age of Folk Games to the Age of the Internet. NY: Peason Education Press (8th edition), 2018. Comprehensive introduction to the history and current nature of sport in U.S. culture.
Hough-Snee, Dexter Zavalza, and Alexander Sotelo Eastman, eds. The Critical Surf Studies Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017
Jeanrenaud, Claude, and Stefan Késenne. The Economics of Sport and the Media. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2006.
Karen, D. and R.E. Washington ,eds. The Sport and Society Reader. London, UK: Routledge, 2010.
LaFeber, Walter. Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism. NY: W.W. Norton, 2002.
Messner, M., & C. Cooky, C. Gender in Televised Sports: News and Highlights Shows, 1989–2009. Los Angeles, CA: USC Center for Feminist Research, 2010.
Oriad, Michael. Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998.
O'Reiil, Jean and Susan K. Cahn, eds. Women and Sport. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2018.
Rowe, David, ed. Critical Readings: Sport, Culture and the Media. Maidenhead and New York: Open University Press, 2004.
Teetzel, S. . "On Transgendered Athletes, Fairness and Doping: An International Challenge." Sport in Society 9.2 (2006), 227-252.
Ware, S. Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women’s Sports. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
Young Iris Marion. Throwing like a Girl and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. Title essay is a classic.
For a massive bibliography with over 5,000 entires on the history of sport click here.
eSports and Gaming Competitions
Despite the divided popular opinion if esports are a legitimate sport or not, it is a growing trend which has exploded in popularity over the last 5 years. With many gaming leagues and tournaments now rivaling the viewership and prize pools of professional sports organizations it is a culture which cannot be easily ignored. Though some segments of gaming culture can be quite inflammatory, and dominate the online discourse regarding the legitimacy of eSports, much care has been given to provide as much insight as possible into both positions regarding this topic.
Sport Leagues, Associations, Etc.
- BBC iWonder: "Is Computer Gaming Really Sport?" A brief primer and breakdown of the emergence of eSports, including arguments both for an against eSports legitimacy.
- "The Controversial Dichotomy Between Sports and eSports."
- "The French Ministry of Sport Refuses to Consider eSports as a Sport."
- Game Theory: "Why ESPN is WRONG about eSports." A very well researched video which compares the e-sports industry to traditional sports.
- "Gamers Are Not Only Athletes, But the Internet Has Changed the Definition of ‘Sports’." An excellent article from WIRED discussing the evolving terminology around athlete and sport.
- "How eSports is Becoming a Legitimate Sport."
- IeSF. The International e-Sports Federation.
- The International. The official website for the largest DOTA 2 competition.
- Major League Gaming. One of the largest American e-sports organizations.
- "The Rise of eSports in America." A retrospective from 2013 of e-sports history in the United States.
- "Should Video Games Be in The Olympics?" An article which juxtaposes both for and against positions for the legitimacy of eSports.
- "Video Games on ESPN? It’s Time to Stop Pretending eSports Are ‘Real’ Sports."
- BCA. Billiards Congress of America.
- Commonwealth Games.
- Federation of Gay Games.
- FIE. Fédération Internationale d'Escrime, aka the International Fencing Federation. Olympic governing body of fencing.
- FIFA. Federation Internationale de Football Association.
- Formula One.
- IAAF. International Association of Athletics Federations.
- IOC. International Olympic Committee.
- IPC. International Paralympic Committee.
- LPGA. Ladies' Professional Golfers' Association.
- Le Tour de France.
- MLB. Major League Baseball.
- MLS. Major League Soccer.
- NASCAR. National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing.
- NBA. National Basketball Association.
- NCAA. National Collegiate Athletic Association.
- NFL. National Football League.
- NHL. National Hockey League.
- PBA. Professional Bowling Association.
- NPB. Nippon Professional Baseball, Japan's baseball league.
- PASO. Pan American Sports Organization.
- PGA. Professional Golfers’ Association.
- Special Olympics.
- UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship, world's largest mixed martial arts association.
- USATF. USA Track and Field.
- USPV. USA Volleyball.
- USSF. United States Soccer Federation.
- USTA. United States Tennis Association.
- WBA. World Boxing Association.
- WNBA. Women's National Basketball Association.
- WWE. World Wrestling Entertainment.
- ABC Sports.
- CBS College Football Network.
- CBS Sportsline.
- ESPN.
- FOX Sports.
- The Golf Channel.
- Resort Sports Network.
- Sporting Life.
- Sporting News.
- Sports.com.
- Sports Illustrated.
- USA Today Sports.
- Washington Post Sports.