COMIX/MANGA/ANIME/CARTOONS
Comics or comix have long played a role in popular culture, going back at least to the 1930s when figures like Batman and Superman arose. Walt Disney, beginning in the 1940s, created a revolution in filmic animation. In the 1950s, television boosted the availability of cartoons and comics-derived characters. In more recent years, the influx of Japanese forms, especially manga and anime have expanded and added diverse styles to the genre. Japan also pioneering the graphic novel, a hybrid genre that has brought great literary sophistication to the field. In today's film market, both Marvel and DC have established major presences through series featuring some of their iconic characters.
- Superheroes get real for bulimia.com
Featured Book:
Black Women in Sequence Re-inking Comics, Graphic Novels, and Anime, by Deborah Elizabeth Whaley. University of Washington Press, 2015.
General Sites
- Animation World Network.
- Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Biographical information on many of the great cartoonists and comic book artists, and examples of classic cartoons.
- Cartoon Research. News, commentary, screenings, and more.
- Cartoon World!
- Comic Book Resources.
- The Comics Journal. Reviews, interviews, essays, etc.
- Comics Research. Contains bibliographies of comix-related scholarship.
- The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts. With clips, commentary, etc.
- Friends of Lulu. Promoting female readership and participation in the comic book industry.
- Japan Anima(tor)'s Exhibition. A weekly series of fantastic anime shorts produced by a variety of directors.
- The Museum of Black Superheroes. Contains numerous articles, exhibits with info on heroes, and more.
- Online Bibliography of Anime and Manga Research. Excellent resources.
- PopMatters: Comics Smart essays & reviews from one of the best pop culture magazines.
- Political Cartoons. History of this other cartoon genre, from the Library of Congress.
- Sequart. Site for the critical analysis and support of the sequential arts.
- Sequential Tart. A webzine dedicated to raising the awareness of women’s influence (in comix and beyond).
- The Toonarific Cartoon Archive. Info, episode guides, interviews, etc.
- Ungentlemanly Art: Political Illustrations. Huge archive of political cartoons from a Library of Congress exhibit.
- Universal UClick. Commercial site linked to over sixty comic strips.
- VN Anime. A variety of anime resources including lives streaming, downloads, blogs and more.
Online Articles
- "Batman Crucified: Religion and Modern Superheroes." A look into the religious language and imagery in comic books, and the possible reasons for it.
- "The Brother Might Be Made of Steel, But He Sure Ain’t Super...Man." Critique of Steel, DC Comics’ African-American Superman.
- "The Cartoon Closet: Jerry Falwell doesn't know the half of it." A reaction to Rev. Jerry Falwell's outing of Tinky Winky.
- "Comics: A Tool of Subversion?" Comic strips and books as counter-hegemony.
- "Fatal Femmes." An article based on the Women in Refrigerators site, with some additional information and commentary.
- "Popeye From Strip To Screen." An article by Mark Langer about Popeye's transition from comic to cartoon.
- "Reversal of Roles: Subversion and Reaffirmation of Racial Stereotypes in Dumbo and The Jungle Book."
- "A Short History of American Comic Books." A quick run-through, from 1934 on.
- "Tank Girl, Anodder Oddyssey: Joyce Lives (and Dies) in Popular Culture." An article by Thomas Vogler
Academic Research Associations, Programs and Institutes
- Anime and Manga Research Circle.
- Comic Art and Comics Area. Popular Culture Association
- Institute for Comics Studies.
- Japan Society for Animation Studies.
- Society for Animation Studies.
- Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation.
Selected Specific Comic Sites
- Avengers. The original run (1963-1996).
- Bazooka Joe.
- Cartoon Bank. Extensive cartoon archive from New Yorker magazine.
- DC Comics.
- Dilbert.
- Disney comics.
- Dr. Seuss Went to War. An archive of early political cartoons by Theodore Geisel (aka Dr. Seuss).
- Duckman.
- Gumbyworld.
- Marvel Comics.
- Popeye.
- Spider-Man.
- Tank Girl. One of many fan sites.
- X-Men.
Select Bibliography
Few topics on popular culture can be adequately researched on the web alone. These reading suggestions are designed as beginning points for further offline study.
- Chute, Hilary. Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comics. NY: Columbia UP, 2010.
- Important work on the under-studied topic of women and gender in comics.
- Heer, Jeet, and Kent Worcester. A Comic Studies Reader. Jackson: U Press of Mississippi, 2009
- Wide-ranging collection of scholarly articles dealing with history, form and social meanings of the comic medium.
- Lefèvre, Pascal and Dierick Charles, eds. Forging a New Medium: The Comic Strip in the Nineteenth Century. Brussels: Vub Brussels U P, 1999.
- Establishes the historical background necessary to understand the origin and nature of the modern comic strip. Includes essays on rise of comics in particular countries, among them England, Spain, Germany, and the US, essays from prominent artists in the genre, as well as a useful timeline on the development of the comic strip.
- McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993.
- Very lucid, rich introduction to the history and visual and verbal meaning making processes of comic books. The book itself is done in brilliant comic book form.
- Ndalias, Angela, ed. The Contemporary Comic Book Superhero. NY: Routledge, 2010.
- Wide-ranging, international collection of essays comic superheroes, including some that also deal with superheroes in film and TV.
- Pustz, Matthew. Comic Book Culture: Fanboys and True Believers. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999.
- Study of contemporary comic strip fans, from the casual to the nearly pathologically devoted. The subtitle refers to the author’s distinction between mainstream “fanboys” and “true believers” devoted to alternative comix culture.
- Robinson, Lillian. Wonder Women: Feminism and Superheroes. Routledge, 2004.
- A prominent feminist critic takes on superheroines.
- Smith, Matthew J. and Randy Duncan, eds. Critical Approaches to Comics. Routledge, 2011.
- Textbook that introduces a variety of methods for studying comics.
- Whaley, Deborah Elizabeth. Black Women in Sequence Re-inking Comics, Graphic Novels, and Anime. University of Washington Press, 2015.
- Stellar study of a long-neglected topic.
- Wright, Bradford W. Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
- Offers a social history of US comic books that shows how changing trends in comic books, from Superman’s debut in 1938 up to the late 20th century, both reflected and contributed to changing political and cultural values.
- The Words and Pictures Museum. “Dedicated to the collection, preservation, study, interpretation and presentation of fine graphic narrative and fantasy illustration.”